Abstract: From a security perspective, in the current age where malware (malicious software) distribution is rampant, it is dangerous to execute programs downloaded from the internet. However, from the perspective of usability, we all would love to freely share data and programs and use them. In this talk, we shall try to understand (i) the drawbacks of current security systems and (ii) the foundations of systems which enable us to realize the goal of freely sharing data and code with untrusted partners without compromising the security.